

Though Polish voters in October ousted their right-wing populist government, recent elections in Slovakia and the Netherlands show that populism remains as malign and potent a political force as ever in Europe. But these outcomes also hold important lessons for the United States, where the specter of Donald Trump’s return to the White House haunts the runup to the 2024 presidential election.
发自纽黑文——全球经济即将陷入衰退的预测曾在今年早些时候甚嚣尘上。但如今2023年已经过半,似乎只有中国成为了面临长期重大衰退风险的主要经济体。纽约、伦敦乃至整个欧洲的股市都在飙升。东京日经指数在6月份创下了33年新高。虽然有一些经济体仍未摆脱困境,但目前看来发生全球经济衰退的可能性极低。
经济衰退可能有多种原因。例如消费者和投资者信心过强或是极高水平的公共开支会将总需求推高到通货膨胀开始升高的程度,迫使政策制定者(特别是中央银行)出手干预来为过热的经济降温,但如果干预过度——比如过于激进地提高利率从而大幅提高借贷成本——就会将经济推向衰退。
衰退也可能来自供给侧。当某个行业或整体经济繁荣时,供应商就会加大生产。一旦需求开始下降,供应就会开始堆积,从而阻碍甚至停滞增长。
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