Ashoka Mody
explains the roots of the lack of accountability in India, highlights shortcomings in human capital and gender equality, casts doubt on the country’s ability to assume a Chinese-style role in manufacturing, and more.
While China and the US take advantage of scale to pursue large-scale investment in critical sectors, the EU struggles to follow suit, owing to its decentralized fiscal structures and rules limiting government subsidies to industry. A new EU-level investment program is urgently needed.
advocates a federal investment program, funded by EU sovereign-debt issuance and administered centrally.
斯德哥尔摩—1955年,乔纳斯·索尔克(Jonas Salk)的脊髓灰质炎疫苗进行了近200万美国儿童的成功试验后,被证明安全有效,这标志着抗击这一导致无法治愈的瘫痪甚至死亡的高度传染性疾病的转折点。在索尔克的发现之前,仅在美国每年就有25000至50000例病例,而人们对病毒如何传播知之甚少。
索尔克用福尔马林治疗病毒,创造出注射灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗(IPV)。大约在同一时间,阿尔伯特·萨宾(Albert Sabin)正在开发一种口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗(OPV),它使用减毒(弱化)的突变毒株刺激抗体产生而不引起疾病。萨宾的活病毒疫苗比索尔克的疫苗更便宜,更容易管理,尽管它推出时间晚了六年,但最终在全球根除脊髓灰质炎的努力中使用更加普遍。
这一努力的成功怎么强调都不为过。1988年,世界卫生大会通过一项 在全世界消除该疾病的决议,随后发起全球消灭脊灰行动,此后野生脊灰病例下降了99%以上,从估计的35万例下降到2021年的6例报告病例。三种野生脊灰病毒株中的两种已被根除,而第三种仅在巴基斯坦和阿富汗流行。这一突破主要归功于大规模免疫接种,但也归功于环境卫生和个人卫生的改善。
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