Rather than reducing concentrated market power through “disruption” or “creative destruction,” technological innovation historically has only added to the problem, by awarding monopolies to just one or a few dominant firms. And market forces offer no remedy to the problem; only public policy can provide that.
shows that technological change leads not to disruption, but to deeper, more enduring forms of market power.
The passing of America’s preeminent foreign-policy thinker and practitioner marks the end of an era. Throughout his long and extraordinarily influential career, Henry Kissinger built a legacy that Americans would be wise to heed in this new era of great-power politics and global disarray.
reviews the life and career of America’s preeminent foreign-policy scholar-practitioner.
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发自卢森堡——纵观人类历史,原材料在经济发展、国际关系以及整个国家和文明的命运中扮演着重要角色。从贵金属(白银和黄金)和大宗农产品(蔗糖、橡胶、丝绸和香料)到石油和天然气等能源,技术发展带来的需求变化改写了全球贸易模式,转移了财富,还经常会助长冲突和剥削。
而2020年代的我们则越来越依赖一系列新型关键原材料,包括各类稀土元素和锂、镓、锗等金属。从太阳能电池板、电池、风力涡轮机到用于工业和国防的计算机芯片,这类大宗商品的应用对绿色转型和数字化转型至关重要,而两者又将决定我们在这个星球上的未来。
欧洲永远无法在本土满足自身对稀土和锂的需求,但这也不应成为我们的目标。相反我们要做的是保障关键原材料的获取渠道,这样就不会任由那些可能将其武器化的人摆布——就像克里姆林宫利用其碳氢化合物能源那样。这种渠道对于加强我们的战略自主权、保持竞争力和实现气候目标至关重要。
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