chellaney123_Zhang YuweiXinhua via Getty Images_chinapharmaceuticalscoronavirusmedicine

一场“中国制造”的疫病大流行

Mar 13, 2020 Brahma Chellaney

发自新德里—新型冠状病毒疫情目前已经蔓延到了100多个国家，引发了社会停摆、经济损失，疾病以及人员死亡，这在很大程度上是因为中国——也是病毒的发源地——在疫情初期压制了相关信息。然而中国当前的行动显示其并未限制活性药物成分和医疗用品的出口（全球绝大部分这类物资都由该国供应），这种坚持原则且慷慨的举动值得世界感激。

当武汉出现首例致死性新型病毒临床证据时，当局不仅将其隐瞒了数周，还对那些散播这一消息的人实施了骚扰，训诫和拘留。这种操作并不稀奇，因为该国在“杀死”报信者方面由来已久。在2002年其领导人还曾掩盖过另一种由冠状病毒引发的疾病（重症急性呼吸综合症，简称SARS）长达一个多月，并将带头发布消息的医生拘留了45天，最终导致26个国家和地区的8000多人被感染。

这次，中国共产党暗中行事的癖好又被国家主席习近平将自身树立为全控盘政治强人的渴望所强化，又被更为固化的中共体制所加持。但跟上次非典疫情一样，他们也就只能隐瞒这么一阵子，等到在泰国和韩国都发现与武汉有关的新型冠状病毒病例后，这些人别无选择，只能承认疫情的存在。

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0 Comments on this paragraph, 38 Comments on this article

JJ SH Apr 1, 2020

What a great article , exceptionally well written and I really enjoyed it. It really touched of things I have been thinking myself and wow China owns the world dont they . Scary shit bro . Great article
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lshcube2 Mar 23, 2020

Sigh. So many factual errors. e.g. China informed WHO on Dec 31. WHO worked with China from then. China made genome sequencing available on Jan 12. At that time many scientists praised China publicly. Now you want to re write history. Just check WHO website.

Chinese doctors had been keeping US counterparts informed (because of friendship developed while training Chinese) since early January. US inaction is largely because Trump refused to take C19 seriously. Relying on his gut instinct again. Go read his many comments made over 2 months of inaction. It is all available online. US officials have been been instructed to blame China in delay information to hide the fact that it was Trump's stupid gut instinct that was wrong. To quote US officials, given their obvious agenda, is quite meaningless. Read about leaked internal documents in today's news about Trump's strategy to blame China.

China is not blameless. But your article clearly has an agenda. Clearly evident when you described China's containment measures as "heavy handed". Yet failed to mention it was what was necessary given the circumstances.

Compare US to Taiwan, Vietnam, Singapore etc. These countries acted quickly. Do you imagine that these governments took action based on rumours or they were psychic? The fact that these countries acted when they did, means US could have done so too. US failed to act, now looking for someone to blame. The evidence are all out there freely available. You just choose to ignore them. Sadly, people who are biased and too lazy to check will believe what you wrote.
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Leto Atreides Mar 22, 2020

"About two weeks after Xi rejected scientists' recommendation to declare a state of emergency, ..." Where does the author get this information? I don't think this has ever been reported anywhere. What is known widely is that the first two teams of experts dispatched to Wuhan made the conclusion that there was no obvious human-to-human transfer, and the disease is under control. It's the third team of experts which declared the presence of human-to-human transmission that led to the lock down of Wuhan three days later. The third team of experts were dispatched because there were more and more evidence of human-to-human transmission because patients were also detected in Canton province, where one of the leading experts in the third team was based. It had little to do with what's happening outside China. The author seems to be giving opinions without getting a lot of basic facts straight.
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Elizabeth Pula Mar 22, 2020

It sure isn't China's fault, if US medical industry, corporate distribution centers, oligo-political supply-chain systems sourced 97% of medical material for antibiotics to eliminate virtually ALL REAL entrepreneurial OPTIONS, "Options", mind you, which are well beyond any and all real opportunities to even access and consider any local business within the US, on US soil, and actually OWNED by US CITIZENS, and NOT MNE's, that have ripped-off the rest of the world, especially the US citizens.
Everybody is entitled??? to make a buck, if they can just figure out how to make a buck work anymore anywhere. The Chinese are pros at the money game. They've been working the systems the longest.
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Elizabeth Pula Mar 22, 2020

It doesn't look like the US played the messaging game much differently. The POTUS even wants the states to delay accepted and normal reporting process from the State's to delay reporting of FACTUAL unemployment data due to ANY effects from the pandemic.
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P. Kamath Mar 18, 2020

Prof. Chellaney is very blunt and good at exposing the darker side of Chinese leadership. Read his analyses on holding up river waters to downstream countries, applying brutal suppression methods to people in Tibet and her Muslim provinces, forcible abortion to twice pregnant mothers during one child policy days, etc. Bullying South China Sea countries are typical examples. China has well financed troll brigades praising its achievements.

In response to this he obviously is being condemned as a China hater by its surrogates. No surprise!
- Mackenzie Chen Mar 30, 2020
  
  Have you been to China? Do you know about Chinese history? Have you ever talk with a local Chinese? Or you just gain these 'information' about China through a 'professor' who apparently have no idea about what China really looks like?
  
  Let's talk about the one child policy. We were poor back in the time. People were suffered and starved to death. It was no one's fault. It was just because of the endless wars and we couldn't have enough food and resource. And thus our government came with this idea, limit the population growth, and then make the current population wealthier, make the current population live better. And yes, you can criticize this policy is an awful policy based on human right. However, there is no such' human right' when you cannot keep yourself alive and the ' human right' you insist is deadly because there is no enough resource to maintain a huge population at that time.
  
  It is actually quite amusing that when you says Chinese government' forcible abortion to twice pregnant mothers during one child policy days'. Because it is a POLICY, it was MANDATORY BY LAW. Despite the fact that you don't like it, and despite the truth that it was the only effective way to control population growth (in the era of scarce resource), the law is the law. People KNEW the law and VIOLATED the law ON PURPOSE, they should be responsible for what happened next. What's more, in those day, China did not have enough food, or advanced technology to grow more food. One 'extra' new born baby, could deprived other's life because the resource is limit.
  
  Prejudice does not equal to 'blunt', made up facts and stories to attack on a developing country does not make yourself a better person.
  - Mackenzie Chen Mar 30, 2020
    
    Based on researches, higher educated people tends to have fewer or even no children in their families. I didn't learn this in China(because some people said Chinese people are all being brainwashed). I learned this in my university, which is in Canada. Many of my environmental studies professors showed me these researches to support their exactly same theory-- the reason why poor region remain poor is because their huge population and resources depletion. One Child Policy may seems ruthless but when it comparing to another way, which is improve education level among the whole country, One Child Policy became the most effective way to reduce population growth in a short period of time.
    
    When you criticize One Child Policy, think about its advantage. If you just simply deny its benefit, you are basically asking Chinese government to abandon its country, its people, and let the Darwin Evolution Theory happens in China(poor people died, rich people live, and therefore, no more poor people).
    
    At the era of scarce resource, reduce the amount of unborn baby and save more living people seems quite humane to me. Not to mention the policy has been cancelled after we solved our resource shortage problem and people realized that there are more problems coming after this policy.
    
    If you criticize a country's darker side, please do make some effort to know the bright side.
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Harsh Ray Mar 18, 2020

It is apparent from the comments here that China's troll army is busy at work, hurling grenades and making offensive or false comments. It is well known that, with state support, the social-media troll army attacks any prominent scholar showing China's tactics or actions in their true color. For example, the "Diba Central Army" troll group has targeted Facebook pages of even persecuted minorities, including the Talk to East Turkestan and Uyghur World Congress pages.
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pfwhkg Mar 17, 2020

The title of this article is hateful, but it is no wonder to see it from a die-hard India extremely right-hand radical. You, an Indian elite, have hates in your mind because of defeats in the invasion of China in 1962. Whether the pandemic came from China, or China just discovered an already existed but not known virus is for something to be decided by medical/bio research. Let the science decide it, but not you - the bias ex-Indian military minister of defense
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Adrian Wu Mar 16, 2020

The West expected China to identify the surge of respiratory illnesses as an emerging infection, find the source, sequence and identify the pathogen and tell the world within a week of first identifying the first patient ? Wow, I guess they have a really high opinion on the effectiveness of the communist government, which they disparage at every opportunity. And the great US of A, with more than a month to prepare, was only able to test a handful of patients, and only gradually rolled out countermeasures. And the CDC told people not to wear masks because it is ineffective. So why are doctors and nurses wearing masks ? To make themselves feel better ? Talk about politically motivated lies. They talk about China concealing the infection, when it is probably more likely that the politicians were wary of causing a panic before they can confirm what they were dealing with. Yet, when Western governments knew full well what they were dealing with, they still had trouble organising an effective response. Are they admitting that their system is inferior, and that they expect a lot more from the Chinese government than what they themselves are able to deliver ?
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Benjamin Moore Mar 16, 2020

I'm a Sinophile, and I agree that there's a lot of jealous China-bashing mixed in with legitimate criticism of the repressive government of a great people.
However it's nuts to buy 97% of one's life-saving drugs from any one source, even if that source is a saint. What do you do if that saint gets sick?
Trade offers some economic benefits to humanity. So does redundancy of research and manufacturing in multiple locations. Academic and industrial monocultures have downsides similar to those of agricultural monocultures.
- Elizabeth Pula Mar 22, 2020
  
  RE:"However it's nuts to buy 97% of one's life-saving drugs from any one source, even if that source is a saint. What do you do if that saint gets sick?"
  Beyond nuts, it's totally illogical. But, overwhelming greed has its consequences, hopefully not just to innocents caught in the net of the real consequences. Saints, get canonized, and maybe get to go to heaven, which is past "GO" (you know, like in the other game like monopoly), especially if they have suffered tremendously during their most recent life on earth at anytime in the past, so long as no one really, and especially can prove anything at all.
  
  Martyrship is an interesting phenomenon, especially since we're all in the same boat. Aren't we?
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- lt lee Mar 17, 2020
  
  Why so many in the West insist on mono-culture in political system?
  - Benjamin Moore Mar 22, 2020
    
    Good point. The people should have the ability to make changes if a large majority believe changes are necessary. That's why we let them vote.
    If 60% are unhappy, it may be possible to thwart their wishes by tampering with the media or the election. But if 75% of the people get pissed off, the government gets pissed on.
    - Mackenzie Chen Mar 30, 2020
      
      So there you go. Trump.
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Madurai Padmanabhan Mar 16, 2020

Here he goes off again, China bashing! From water management expertise, he has apparently found a more lucrative profession.

Why is the dollar based financial system and its impact on supply chain, a perineal scourge, not a cause of concern to the international community to fix post-haste?
The number of SMEs around the world as well as companies that get jerked around by monetary policy in the G7 countries does not get a mention frequently enough. It required a GFC to bring it up; and the ever present oil barons, continue to operate with impunity.

Corrections in those systems will matter more Long term.

Disruptions in medical supplies, short term in nature, may be a boon if they force health cost policy changes that will positively impact the other rent seeking domain of health insurance and big Pharma. Like energy & education, solutions to health issues need a 3rd world lens and China may be offering the model during this pandemic.
- lt lee Mar 17, 2020
  
  Why so many in the West insist on mono-culture in political system?
  
  (Sorry. ) Responding to the wrong post.
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Rene Wang Mar 15, 2020

I am surprised you were holding up Vietnam as an exemplary country. Why not North Korea, where there is zero case? Is Mr Kim more convincing?
China has every right to ban medical export to India, because you banned export to China when the Chinese were struggling early this year!
You are in no position to comment on China, given your pathetic hygienic standards in India.
- Elizabeth Pula Mar 22, 2020
  
  RE:"You are in no position to comment on China, given your pathetic hygienic standards in India."
  China has tried for centuries. It has and is accomplishing many positive effects for large populations.
  China keeps trying.
  India is trying.
  The big question is while China keeps trying, and India is trying, is Islam winning, and is the rest of the world losing, or giving up? What else is there in the present game of winner take all?
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BEN L. Mar 15, 2020

Fortunately, China has shown it does not use its dominant position in certain products to retaliate against countries that tried to damage China.

The risk of China retaliating may happen because of fanatics like Peter Navarro and its Asian counterpart this author.
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j. von Hettlingen Mar 14, 2020

Brahma Chellaney bashes the West for allowing China to dominate all aspects of the global supply chain for too long, bringing low consumer prices and high corporate profits. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted “the costs of Xi Jinping’s increasing authoritarianism,” but also the downside of Western companies’ reliance on China, which has played a central, dominant role in an international manufacturing network. Supply lines have been crippled by quarantines, factory closings, travel restrictions and other stringent measures taken by China and other countries to contain the virus.
“Only by reducing China’s global economic influence – beginning in the pharmaceutical sector – can the world be kept safe from the country's political pathologies,” according to the author, who accuses China of “ weaponizing its dominance in global medical supplies and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). He points out that “97% of all antibiotics sold in the US come from China.
His country, India, as the world’s leading supplier of generic drugs, has to cut and restrict its own exports, because China had fallen behind in producing and exporting APIs since the outbreak, constraining global supply and driving up prices. It hits India because some 70% of the APIs for medicines made there come from China – the main global supplier. Relations between the two Asian giants are fraught with conflicts – they fought a war in 1962 over a disputed Himalayan border.
“If China’s pharmaceutical plants do not return to full capacity soon, severe global medicine shortages will become likely,” said the author. Indeed, Trump has also echoed remarks that US drug makers should diversify and overhaul supply chains, which today rely heavily on Chinese APIs. Beijing stands to lose big as US producers step up plans to end its chokehold on drugs, and reduce their dependence on China for the drugs and medical products that uphold the federal health care system.
Hawks in the Trump administration accuse China of using the same unfair trade practices that it has used to dominate other sectors — cheap sweatshop labour, lax environmental regulations and massive government subsidies etc. Some of them have been blunt in saying that the coronavirus provides an opportunity for a US decoupling from China.
They contemplate introducing “Buy American” laws, so that federal agencies are required to buy American-made pharmaceuticals and medical equipments. An executive order would close loopholes allowing the government to buy drugs, face masks, ventilators and other medical products from foreign countries. The hope is that increasing government demand for American-made products will provide an incentive for companies to manufacture in the US, rather than China.
The author hopes that “the specter of China exploiting its pharmaceutical clout for strategic ends were…..enough to make the world rethink its cost-cutting outsourcing decisions.” However, even if Trump wants to bring production back in the election year, so that American companies can produce at home and create jobs, few predict a manufacturing renaissance is on the horizon for the US. Nor is a mass retreat from the world’s second largest economy likely to be swift. It took decades to build the current industrial ecosystem, and China’s huge labour force and superior infrastructure will be hard to replace or re-create anytime soon.
The author ridicules Chinese leaders’ magnanimity, who are “publicly congratulating themselves for not limiting exports of medical supplies and APIs used to make medicines, vitamins, and vaccines.” If China decided to ban such exports to the US as a tit-for-tat response to the “unkind” measures to restrict entry by Chinese and foreigners who had been to China, the state-run news agency Xinhua recently noted, the US would be “plunged into a mighty sea of coronavirus.”
Supporters of reducing reliance on China have used the COVID-19 to highlight what they say is a longstanding vulnerability that could leave Americans dangerously short of medicines in the event of a war, trade conflict or pandemic. If China shuts its door on exports of core components to make medicines, within months pharmacy shelves across the globe would become empty and the health care system would cease to function.
It does not help mitigate the political fallout, when some in China, having acknowledged these vulnerabilities, touted that the world should thank China, rather than blame it for spreading the coronavirus, saying that if China banned the export of drugs, the US “would sink into the hell of a novel coronavirus epidemic.”
- Elizabeth Pula Mar 22, 2020
  
  The elite in the US created its own supply chain and manufacturing tsunami off the backs of the working citizens in the US. By equating a corporation with a human being, the elite has also undermined the US legal system, by the same process:"undermining". If you mine too much underground, the holes that are left do have a tendency to cause cave-ins that affect any real ground that was on top, that enclosed the hole. Now, a similar process is called "strip-mining". That is a lot easier to see. But a lot of people just don't see that buy-backs, asset sales and rollovers to PE, deleveraging, and accumulating debt on the books of corporate entities is the same "XXXX" thing. ( The first letter is a "D", you can fill in the rest of the XXX.)
  Everyone uses the same processes, but you do have to be reasonable, and careful, due to Karmic effects sooner or later. The problem is the time factor, like now.
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Bei De Zhu Mar 14, 2020

"political pathologies"

You mean like the current goings on in India, where Muslim victims of mob violence are arrested, tortured, and prosecuted for the crimes they suffer?
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Renato Fonte Mar 14, 2020

China made more then the rest of the world combined. Its not easy to have patient zero. Analyse your fascist leader first. Before looking outside.
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Godfree Roberts Mar 13, 2020

'authorities in China, where it emerged, initially suppressed information about Covid-19'?

This timeline suggests otherwise:

September 2008: The first cases of H1N1 swine flu were reported in California and Texas in late March, 2009, but subsequent genetic analysis suggests that H1N1 began in September of 2008, the start of the 'flu season, six months before it was first detected. A similar six month lag suggests a September, 2019 birthdate for Covid-19, and for the same reasons: the CDC was asleep at the wheel and the most vulnerable Americans have limited access to health care. Like H1N1, Covid-19 cases may have gone undetected amongst the 100,000 annual deaths from ‘flu and pneumonia.

April, 2019: An outbreak of severe vaping-associated lung illness is exclusively confined to the United States.

July, 2019: The CDC halted research at Fort Detrick and cited “national security reasons” for not releasing information about its decision.

August, 2019: First Vaping Death Reported by Health Officials “Amid the lack of information, investigators scrambled to find shared links to the respiratory problems. Officials said earlier this week that many patients, most of whom were adolescents or young adults, had described difficulty breathing, chest pain, vomiting and fatigue.”

December, 2019. A Chinese medical researcher is arrested in Boston trying to take biological samples back to China. Not agricultural samples, not samples with IP value, just ‘biological’. Zheng Zaosong, from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, confessed to taking material from a lab in Boston. FBI Special Agent Kara Spice found 21 wrapped vials containing a “brown liquid” that appeared to be “biological material”. Zheng’s roommate, also a researcher, told FBI agents that two labmates of Zheng had succeeded in getting specimens to China. Were those 'biological samples' lung tissue, sputum and swabs? Did the Chinese researchers detect a Coronavirus outbreak and, finding the CDC as unresponsive then as it is today, both warn Chinese health authorities and hand them hard evidence that they can now use?

January 2020: Malaysian PM Matthias Chang speculates that the US is waging biological warfare on China.

January 28, 2020: Harvard Chemistry Professor Arrested, Handcuffed, And Accused Of Lying About Ties To China. Charles Lieber, Chair of Harvard's Chemical Biology department, led a research group in China focusing on using nanotechnology to identify viruses.

February 23, 2020. Chinese scientists found genomic evidence that the seafood market in Wuhan is not the source of the novel coronavirus. Their genetic data suggests the virus was introduced from elsewhere and had already circulated widely among humans in Wuhan before December 2019, probably beginning in mid- to late November.

February 27, 2020: On Taiwan TV a prominent virologist explained flow charts suggesting that the coronavirus originated in the US.

March 6, 2020: Question: How did the virus come to the United States? Answer: “The first known patients in the U.S. contracted the virus while traveling in other countries or after exposure to someone who had been to China or one of the other affected areas. But now, a few cases here cannot be traced to these risk factors. This is concerning because it suggests the illness may be spreading across communities for which the source of infection is unknown, which we call community spread/transmission. Dr. Emily Landon, University of Chicago Medicine.

March 11, 2020: White House classifies coronavirus deliberations. The meetings at HHS were held in a secure area called a “Sensitive Compartmentalized Information Facility,” or SCIF, usually reserved for intelligence and military operations. HHS has SCIFs because theoretically it would play a major role in biowarfare or chemical attacks.

Mar 13, 2020: Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lijian Zhao demands US authorities reveal what they’re hiding about the origins of Covid-19. “Pointing to a video of CDC director Robert Redfield admitting the US had several deaths from Covid-19 before they were able to test for it, Zhao called on the American watchdog to come clean, ‘When did patient zero begin in the US? How many people are infected? What are the names of the hospitals? It might be the US army who brought the epidemic to Wuhan. Be transparent! Make your data public! The US owes us an explanation!”’

Ongoing: Researchers have greatly advanced their understanding of viral evolution since H1N1 a decade ago and finding patient zero is now more science than art. Recently, a team of Chinese researchers claimed to demonstrate that Covid-19 was born in September, 2019, but British researchers (who had discovered the earlier H1N1 date) were not convinced. Note: Though the site is for virologists and evolutionary biologists, you can follow the argument from the introductions and conclusions of each paper. http://virological.org/t/response-to-on-the-origin-and-continuing-evolution-of-sars-cov-2/418
- Ben Priest Mar 13, 2020
  
  There are some gaps in your logic here. The vaping cases are related to illicit THC oil-based additives. Teens to 30's are the primary consumers for this market. Second, you have no way to substantiate your hypothesis that these various events are connected. Chinese corporate espionage has been taking billions in information, and at times, physical specimens, in most sectors. To get this straight, are you suggesting that Zheng Zaosong and whoever else he was working with for the Chinese government were smuggling it back to China to, what, find a cure for because the CDC is lazy or inadequate? Assuming (big time) that this is true, why is Wuhan such a disaster? There's a lot of specious reasoning here and a lot of jumps. Except the single Taiwanese virologist you've alluded to, is there anyone that doesn't work for the Chinese government that is saying this didn't come from Wuhan?
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Harsh Ray Mar 13, 2020

A revealing article. The rest of the world is paying the price for China's initial concealment of the coronavirus epidemic. That concealment lasted for multiple weeks until, as the article brings out, it could no longer be sustained due to the emergence of Wuhan-linked coronavirus cases in Thailand and South Korea. Now, China's communist rulers have the temerity to claim that the coronavirus did not originate in their country but may have come from the United States instead.
- Elizabeth Pula Mar 22, 2020
  
  That is not temerity. There is a lot of factual evidence that makes the "source" of the virus as quite questionable.
  http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/event201/
  https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/10/21173864/mark-zuckerberg-bill-gates-coronavirus-billionaire-philanthropy
  There's a bit more from the military sites also, which I am not including, since I couldn't locate quickly. There was a big leak at the BIO site in Maryland this past year, check that. Then there were NATO, or US maneuvers in China for an international war-preparedness powwow. You may want to review from credible military sources. Also, the fact that the POTUS wants delay of factual reporting of employment figures nationwide says a lot to the uh, "credibility and reliability, and integrity issues, if any of any substantial validity are even significant anymore at all".
  
  Happy hunting, surfing, or playing couch potato, wherever you are.
  Oh, the relevance to this particular article on PS, is the fact that it doesn't make much difference where anything is made anymore, especially China or India.
  
  https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/virus-biological-us-army-weapons-fort-detrick-leak-ebola-anthrax-smallpox-ricin-a9042641.html
  
  https://www.eur.army.mil/DefenderEurope/
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